Demand response management system

ABSTRACT

A demand response management system which may be implemented with demand response logic. The system may be used by utilities, independent system operators, intermediaries and others to manage operations of demand response programs relative to customers, clients, participants, and users of outputs from the utilities, independent system operators, and the like. Demand response logic of the demand response management system may provide demand signal propagation and generation from demand response events.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/301,123, filed Feb. 3, 2010, and entitled “DemandResponse Management System”. U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.61/301,123, filed Feb. 3, 2010, is hereby incorporated by reference.

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/834,841, filed Jul. 12, 2010, and entitled “A System forProviding Demand Response Services”, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/271,084, filed Jul. 17, 2009. U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/834,841, filed Jul. 12, 2010, is herebyincorporated by reference. U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.61/271,084, filed Jul. 17, 2009, is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure pertains to utility resources and particularly toassessment and distribution of the resources. More particularly, theinvention pertains to beneficial management of resources and theirloads.

SUMMARY

The disclosure reveals a demand response management system which may beimplemented with demand response logic. The system may be used byutilities, independent system operators, intermediaries and others tomanage operations of demand response programs relative to customers,clients, participants, and users of outputs from the utilities,independent system operators, and the like. Demand response logic of thedemand response management system may provide demand signal propagationand generation from demand response events.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an interaction between a utility and/orindependent system operator and a demand response resource;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a classification hierarchy of the types of demandresponse interactions and signals that may be used relative to a demandresponse resource;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of how demand response logic may transform highlevel grid conditions into eventual load control commands;

FIGS. 4 a, 4 b and 4 c are diagrams illustrating cases where some orvirtually all of demand response logic is implemented by a demandresponse management system which may reside within a utility and/orindependent system operator or an intermediary entity;

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a consolidated scenario in which demandresponse signals generated by a demand response management system may bedelivered to either an energy management control system or directly to aload control mechanism within a customer's facility;

FIG. 6 is a diagram of where one or more demand response resources maybe an entity that have a relationship with a utility and/or independentservice operator or and intermediary relative to being a participant ina demand response event;

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a demand response management system forgenerating a demand response signal, which may be adjusted, for aparticular client, customer or participant, relative to a demandresponse event; and

FIG. 8 is a diagram of a table being a way of representing quantitiesand/or rules allowing them to be easily edited for adjusting a demandresponse signal for a particular customer, client or participant,relative to a demand response event.

DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure reveals an implementation of demand response (DR)logic within a demand response management system (DRMS). The system andassociated software may be effected and operated with one or morecomputers/controllers (controllers) and connections. The DRMS is asystem that may be used by utilities and independent system operators(ISO's) to manage the operation of DR programs. A focus of the DRMS maybe on the operational aspects of managing the selection, signaling andmonitoring of the DR resources that are participating in DR programs.The DRMS may be specifically designed to manage the operations ofautomated DR programs. The DR logic components of the DRMS are notedherein.

There may be various types of interactions that might occur between theutility/ISO and a DR resource as part of a DR program. FIG. 1 is adiagram of an interaction between a utility/ISO 11 and a DR resource(customer) 12. There may be DR signals 13 going from utility/ISO to DRresource 12. There may be load measurement signals 14 going from DRresource 12 to utility/ISO 11.

Customer, client, user, participant, and like terms, may be used,interchangeably or distinct from one another, depending on a context ofa pertinent portion of a description or a claim.

A description of DR Signals 13 may be noted. At the highest level, theremay virtually always be some sort of grid condition, be it economic orgrid reliability in nature, which triggers a so called DR event thatrequires some sort of interaction between the utility/ISO and itscustomers. This interaction may eventually trigger some sort of loadcontrol taking place at a customer's facility. The interaction betweenthe utility/ISO 11 and the customer 12 may be mediated by a so called DRsignal 13 that represents a communication between the utility/ISO 11 andthe customer 12. It is the information contained within the DR signal 13that may dictate where much of the decision making takes place in howthe initial grid condition that triggered the DR event results in theeventual load control.

There may be a classification hierarchy of the types of DR interactionsand signals that may be used as illustrated by a diagram in FIG. 2.Three classes of interactions that may occur incorporate a supply state16, DR resource instructions 17, and load controller commands 18.

A supply 16 state may refer to information about conditions concerningthe supply of electricity that may affect DR resource's 12 load profile.The conditions may incorporate prices of electricity, sources ofgeneration (e.g., hydro versus coal), carbon content, reliability ofsupply or grid conditions, and other conditions.

The nature of this information may be such that it does not necessarilyinclude any specific instructions for how the load profile of the DRresource should change. Virtually all decisions as to what the desiredload profile should be in response to the information within a DR signal13 may be within the DR resource 12. A very typical example of this typeof DR signal 13 may be real-time or dynamic electricity prices that maybe sent to a DR resource 17.

DR resource instructions may refer to information that specifies whatthe load profile of a DR resource 12 should be as a result of receivinga DR signal 13. Examples of this information may incorporate specificconsumption levels (which can be either up or down), dispatchinstructions, and load profile specifications.

This type of information may be more specific than information of thesupply state 16 in that it indicates what the load profile of DRresource 12 should be. The information does not necessarily indicate howindividual loads of DR resource 12 should be controlled and thus theintelligence for determining how to control individual loads may bevirtually all within DR resource 12. The information may be about loadshifting or shedding, and the certainty or predictability of a loadshape change.

Typical examples of such information may incorporate dispatchinstructions that may be sent from an ISO 11 to an aggregator. Suchdispatch instructions may often be in a form of an amount of load thatDR resource 12 is expected to provide.

Load controller commands 18 may refer to specific load control commandssent to a controller of a load that specifies the state that the loadshould be in. Examples may incorporate existing DR programs such as ACcycling in which air conditioners within residences are turned on andoff. This information may be used for DLC (direct load control).

DR logic 21 may support supply state 16 and the DR resource instructions17. DR logic 21 may be a part of or provided by a computer/controller(computer) at a place where the logic 21 is situated. The computer mayincorporate one or more inputs, a processor, a user interface with akeyboard and display, a memory, external connections such as aninternet, one or more outputs, and so forth. The computer may beutilized with virtually all items in and pertinent to FIGS. 1-8.

A specification for the DR logic 21 may be necessary to support loadcontroller commands (direct load control). DR logic 21 may transformhigh level grid conditions 22 into eventual load control commands 23 asindicated a diagram of FIG. 3. DR logic 21, associated with a computer,may be instantiated within a single entity or may be distributed acrossdifferent systems as entities. While there may be “use cases” where noDR logic 21 is implemented within an entity that interacts with thecustomer facility 27 (i.e., utility/ISO 11 or intermediary 25), one maynote the use cases where at least some of the DR logic 21 is implementedby a DRMS 24 which resides within the utility/ISO 11 or an intermediaryentity 25 as shown in FIGS. 4 a-4 c. A last use case of FIG. 4 c inwhich virtually all of the DR logic 21 may be embedded within theutility/ISO 11 or intermediary entity 25 may be considered as providingdirect load control (DLC) as indicated by commands 34 which go to loadand DER 28 of customer facility 27 via gateway 35.

In FIG. 4 a, a first use case shows a scenario wherein some of the DRlogic 21 may reside within an energy management and control system(EMCS) 26 within a customer facility 27. EMCS 26 may be an actual deviceor a software module running inside a larger system with a computer suchas customer facility 27. Upon receiving a DR signal 13, EMCS 26 may beresponsible for processing the information within the DR signal 13 intosome sort of facility wide load profile objectives and/or load controlcommands. There may be an interaction between EMCS 26 and load and DER28.

In FIG. 4 b, the second use case shows a scenario wherein the load andDER 28 (e.g., an appliance, thermostat, or the like), having DR logic21, may interact directly with the DRMS 24 via gateway 35 to receive theDR signal 13. In FIG. 4 c, as noted herein, the DRMS 24 may providedirect load commands 34 directly to load and DER 28. It may be thatvirtually all of the DR logic 21 concerning how to respond to a DRsignal is embedded directly in a load controller.

There may be scenarios which are a combination of the first and seconduse cases in which some of the DR logic 21 is embedded within an EMCS 26and some of the DR logic 21 is embedded within the load controller.

The present approach may deal with DR logic 21 that is instantiatedwithin the DRMS 24. It may be assumed that the nature of the DR signals13 which are being delivered by the DRMS 24 are of either a grid stateor a DR resource instruction category. DR signals 13 may conform to anexisting standard or specification such as the OpenADR.

In FIG. 5, a diagram shows a consolidated scenario in which DR signals13 generated by the DRMS 24 may be delivered to either an EMCS 26 ordirectly to a load controller within the customer's facility 27.

Main functions of DR logic 21 within the DRMS 24 of utility/ISO 11 orintermediary 25 may incorporate 1) DR signal 13 propagation and 2) DRsignal 13 translation (generation). A notion of a DR event 31 (FIG. 6)may be further defined. A DR event may be initiated by the utility/ISO11 or intermediary 25 which is responsible for ultimately generating aDR signal 13 for the customer 12 or customer facility 27. A mainfunction of DR logic 21 may be to take a DR event 31 and generate anappropriate DR signal 13.

A DR event 31 may have several attributes. One attribute may be aschedule for the various periods which is associated with the DR event.Two very significant periods may be 1) the so-called notification periodbefore an event and 2) the period when the event itself is active.Another attribute may be a set of information or instructions which isassociated with the DR event. This information may be particularlyspecific to a DR program and be a main instrument that the utility/ISO11 uses to interact with the customer 12 during DR events. Examples ofinformation or instructions may incorporate prices, shed levels anddevice commands. This information may fall into one of the threecategories of supply state 16, DR resource instructions 17 and loadcontroller commands 18, as indicated in FIG. 2.

DR Signal 13 propagation of DR logic 21 within DRMS 24, may be noted.One of the functions of the DR logic 21 may be to take a DR event and aspecification as to which DR resources (customers) 12 are to receivesignals, and from that determine an appropriate set of customers andtheir devices that need to receive DR signals 13. This may be referredto as propagating the DR signal 13.

In a diagram of FIG. 6, a DR resource 12 may be an entity (typically acustomer or participant) that has a relationship with the utility/ISO 11or intermediary 25 and represents the entity that the utility/ISO 11 orintermediary 25 interacts with. This means that if the utility/ISO 11wants to issue a DR event 31, then the DR resources 12 may be theentities that utility/ISO 11 calls upon to participate in the event 31.

DR resource 12 management and signal propagation may be noted. Eachcustomer (i.e., DR resource 12) may manage a set of so-called clients 32(EMCS or device) that it uses to manage its interactions with the DRMS24. It may be the clients 32 that receive DR signals 13 from the DRMS24. Thus, as shown in FIG. 6, each DR resource 12 may have associatedwith it multiple clients 32. Each of the clients may receive its ownversion of a DR signal 13 corresponding to a DR event 31.

Each DR resource 12 and set of associated clients 32 may have a set ofattributes such as customer name, geographic location and grid location.Furthermore, DR resources 12 and clients 32 may be associated withgroups that can be used for aggregation purposes. When a DR event 31 isissued by the utility/ISO 11, there may be additional data that specifywho is to receive the DR signals 13. As recipients of DR signals 13, thedata may indicate specific customers, aggregated group identifiers,resource groups, geographic regions and/or locations, and/or gridlocations. These data or specifications may be used by the DRMS 24 todetermine which DR resources 12 and which clients 32 of the DR resources12 are to receive the DR signals 13.

Participation rules may be noted for DR signal 13 propagation. Inaddition to the attributes, each DR resource 12 may have associated withit a set of business rules that dictate the schedule constraints of whenthe DR resource 12 will participate in DR events 31. Such rules mayincorporate: 1) Blackout periods having specific date/time periods, timeof day, days of week, and/or days of month; 2) A maximum number ofevents for a year, month, week, and/or consecutive days; 3) Maximum andminimum durations of events; and/or 4) Maximum and minimum notificationtimes for upcoming events.

If an event is issued that violates any of the constraints or rules,then the DRMS 24 may be configured such that it will not propagate a DRsignal 13 to the DR resource 12 or its clients 32. Thus, the constraintsor rules may also be a mechanism to control how DR signals 13 arepropagated to the clients 32 of DR resources 12.

DR signal 13 generation (translation) of DR logic 21 within DRMS 24 maybe noted. One of the functions of DR logic 21 may be to translatewhatever information is associated with a DR event 31 into anappropriate DR signal 13 that can be sent to the customer or resource12. In some cases, there may be very little, if any, translation ortransformation necessary, but in some cases the DR event 31 information(e.g., prices, shed levels, and so forth) may be translated into a formthat is specific for the customer 12.

The following are general transformations (or translations) that maytake place to generate a DR signal 13. One may be to customize the DRevent 31 schedule for the customer 12. A second transformation may be tocustomize the DR event 31 information specifically for the customer 12.For example, a particular DR program may use prices as the maininstrument in a DR signal 13, but each individual customer 12 mayreceive a different price based upon a bid that the customer has placed.Thus, the price within the DR signal 13 may be customized for eachcustomer 12.

A third transformation may be to translate the information in the DRevent 31 to an alternate form which makes it easier for the customer'sautomation equipment to consume it. Examples of transformations of thistype may include the simple DRAS (demand response automation server)client signal levels that are described in the OpenADR (open automateddemand response (communications specification)). The simple levels inOpenADR may be specifically designed to allow more complex informationsuch as prices and shed amounts to be translated into one of a finiteset of simple levels such as NORMAL, MODERATE, and HIGH. These simplelevels may then be more easily translated into specific load controlcommands using DR logic 21 within the customer's facility 27.

A fourth transformation may be to use feedback from the customer 12(e.g., real-time usage information) to modify the DR event 31 andassociated signal information. A fifth transformation may be totranslate the information in a DR event 31 into actual load controlcommands, e.g., direct load control commands 34 of FIG. 4 c. The fifthtransformation may be described in U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/834,841, filed Jul. 12, 2010, and entitled “A System for ProvidingDemand Response Services”, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

A diagram of FIG. 7 shows the DR signal 13 generation (translation)process of a DR management system. DR logic 21 (FIG. 5) and one of itsmain functions, DR signal generation, may be noted. The mechanism of theFigure described herein may allow for DR event 31 information to betranslated, but it may also be possible to translate the timingparameters of the DR event 31 by using the participation rules indicatedherein. If the rules defined for a particular customer 12 orparticipant, do not match the event 31 schedule, then it may be possiblefor the DRMS to be configured such that the DR signal 13 which isgenerated can be adjusted to match the business rules.

For example, one may assume that a participation rule has been definedfor a particular participant, such as “Can participate in DR events from3 pm to 6 pm.” Now one may assume that a DR event 31 is issued with aschedule, such as “Event active from 4 pm to 7 pm.” Since there is aperiod of the DR event 31 in which the participant has specified that itwill not participate, it may be possible for the DRMS to be configuredto generate a DR signal 13 that spans from 4 pm to 6 pm in order tomatch the participant's rule, by eliminating the 6 pm to 7 pm period inwhich the participant cannot participate. This way, the participant maybe present for the whole schedule of event 31. Likewise, the DRMS mayalso have been configured to reject the DR event 31 and generate no DRsignal 13 for that participant in accordance with the signal propagationrules as described herein.

Implementation of DR logic 21 for signal generation, that of anothermain function of the DR logic 21 (FIG. 5) may be noted. A portion ormore of DR logic 21 being used to generate DR signals 13 may bedescribed in several steps as shown FIG. 7. A first step 41 may entailcustomizing or modifying the schedule of the DR event 31 to match userparticipation rules 36 of the DR resource 12. A second step 42 mayentail customizing or modifying DR event 31 information in view of bids37. Bids may be just one example of information or variable. One or moreof other items, such as shed levels, prices, demands, usage, and soforth, may be used apart from bids 37 or in combination with bids. Athird step 43 may entail translating DR event 31 information in view ofuser preferences and translation rules 38.

The second step 42 and the third step 43 may entail actually modifyingthe information that is encapsulated within DR signal 13. Steps 41, 42and 43 may be modeled as a set of Boolean equations which relate thefollowing quantities: 1) Start time may be when the condition firstbecomes valid; 2) End time may be an end of when the condition is valid;3) Variable may be either an input variable associated with the event 31(e.g., price, shed level, bid, usage, and/or so forth), or it may be atelemetry variable that is fed back via real-time telemetry 45 to steps42 and/or 43 from a client or customer's facility 27 synch as a usage ordevice state (for instance, the variables may typically be fixed and setby the definition of the DR program); 4) Condition may be logicalBoolean operation that relates the one or more variables to some userdefined value or values (for instance, this may be a typical sort ofBoolean operations such as greater than, less than, equal, and soforth); and 5) Operations may be what is to be done if the rule is TRUE.

One way of representing these quantities or rules in a way that allowsthem to be easily edited by users may be in the form of an example table40 as shown in FIG. 8. Table 40 may consist of a collection of rules.The top row may list headings indicating a rule, start time, end time,variable, condition, value, “operation 1: set simple level” and“operation 2: set price”. Table 40 shows just one instance of rules asthese rules may be edited or there could be other rules which aredifferent in type, kind, and/or number. Each rule number (for instance,1, 2, 3 or 4) may represent a set of conditions, such as start time, endtime, variable, condition, and value, in that when AND'd together theyresult in a TRUE, which will execute the specified operation, such as anoperation 1 of setting a simple level or an operation 2 of setting aprice, as for instance in the example of table 40.

In table 40, there may be multiple types of operations other than thoseshown as examples, which can be executed, and rules, with conditionswhich are related to a particular operation, that may be logicallygrouped together so that the first rule, which relates to a particularoperation, that is TRUE in terms of its conditions, is the rule whichapplies. In the example table, the conditions are “AND'd”; however,there may be rules where the conditions are logically “OR'd” indetermining if rule is true for purpose of implementing a designatedoperation. The conditions may be connected in a combination of beinglogically “AND'd” and “OR'd” a truth determination of the respectiverule and or the operation to be effected.

In rule one of table 40, for example, the price level may be set to the“BID” level and thus this may be a representation of how a price levelfor a DR event 31 may be customized for a particular client 32. In anactual deployment, this type of operation may probably be fixed bydefault by the business rules of the DR program and would notnecessarily appear as an editable table to the user.

In rules 2-4 of table 40, the operation may be set to the simple levelof the DR signal 13. This simplification may represent a type of signaltranslation in which the information associated with the DR event 31(e.g., price) can be converted into a simpler representation. This doesnot necessarily imply that the price information is not also sent withthe DR signals 13, but it may mean that an alternate form (i.e., simplelevel) is also sent. This may give a great deal of flexibility to theclient 32 in how it consumes the information and is supported by DRsignal's specifications such as OpenADR.

There may be separate collections of rules for each client 32 and a DRprogram that client 32 is participating in. The nature of the DR programmay define the variables that are associated with the program. Forexample, one program might use price while another might use shed level.Furthermore, feedback variables may be used in the rules as a way tomodify the DR signals 13 in real time during the DR event 31 as could beshown as an instance in rule three.

The items in table 40 noted herein may be effected with a computer.Table 40 may be meant to allow for easy modification by end users and bejust one representation of a set of rules that could be applied toconverting a DR event 31 to a DR signal 13. There may be otherrepresentations. There may be other ways of specifying the rules whichrelate the various variables and user specified conditions to valuesthat appear in DR signal 13. Sets of rules may be created using freeform equations that are interpreted, or even some sort of programminglanguage such as Java may be used.

An application which is relevant to the present application is U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/834,841, filed Jul. 12, 2010, andentitled “A System for Providing Demand Response Services”, which claimsthe benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/271,084, filedJul. 17, 2009. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/834,841, filed Jul.12, 2010, is hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/271,084, filed Jul. 17, 2009, is hereby incorporatedby reference.

An application which is relevant to the present application is U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/245,560, filed Oct. 3, 2008, and entitled“Critical Resource Notification System and Interface Device”, whichclaims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.60/977,909, filed Oct. 5, 2007. U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/245,560, filed Oct. 3, 2008, is hereby incorporated by reference.U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/977,909, filed Oct. 5, 2007,is hereby incorporated by reference.

In the present specification, some of the matter may be of ahypothetical or prophetic nature although stated in another manner ortense.

Although the present system and/or approach has been described withrespect to at least one illustrative example, many variations andmodifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art uponreading the specification. It is therefore the intention that theappended claims be interpreted as broadly as possible in view of theprior art to include all such variations and modifications.

1. A demand response management system comprising: a computer; an inputconnected to the computer for providing at least one demand response(DR) event; a first customizer that modifies, as needed, one or moreschedules of the DR event to fit a schedule of a client; a secondcustomizer that modifies, as desired or required by the client,information about the DR event; a translator that translates, as desiredor required by the client, information of the DR event into to anotherform; and an output connected from the computer for providing one ormore DR signals to a client; and wherein: the computer comprises thefirst and second customizers, and the translator; and a DR signalcomprises information, if any, about the one or more customizedschedules of the DR event, customized information about the DR event,and/or translated information about the DR event into another form. 2.The system of claim 1, wherein the computer comprises DR logic whichprovides an operational basis for the first and second customizers, andthe translator.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or moreschedules of the DR event are customized according to participationrules of the client.
 4. The system of claim 3, wherein information abouta DR event is customized according to one or more variables.
 5. Thesystem of claim 4, wherein the one or more variables comprise an item oritems selected from a group consisting of bids, sheds, prices, demands,and usage.
 6. The system of claim 3, wherein the information about theDR event is translated according to preferences and/or translation rulesof the client.
 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a table ofrules for customizing a schedule of the DR event for the client, forcustomizing information of the DR event for the client, and fortranslating information of the DR event to a form appropriate for theclient.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein: the rules are in a form ofBoolean equations; and if all the conditions of a rule are true, then apredetermined operation is effected.
 9. A method for generating a demandresponse signal, comprising: providing a source of a demand response(DR) event; obtaining the DR event from the source; customizing aschedule of the DR event for a customer; customizing information aboutthe DR event for the customer; providing the schedule and informationabout the DR event as a DR signal to the customer; and providing acomputer to assist in performing the present method.
 10. The method ofclaim 9, further comprising translating information of the DR event to aform of a DR signal appropriate for the customer.
 11. The method ofclaim 9, further comprising receiving feedback from the customer forfurther customizing information about the DR event and schedule of theDR event as needed or requested by the customer.
 12. The method of claim9, further comprising translating information about a DR event intoactual load control commands to the customer.
 13. The method of claim 9,further comprising: customizing timing parameters of the DR event toremove schedule constraints relative to business rules of the customer;and/or wherein: a DR signal generated from the DR event is configured tomatch business rules of the customer; and the DR signal generated forthe customer is adjusted to match the business rules of the customer.14. The method of claim 9, further comprising a table of rules forcustomizing a schedule of the DR event for a customer, for customizinginformation of the DR event for the customer, and for translatinginformation of the DR event to a form appropriate for the customer. 15.The method of claim 14, wherein the rules for customizing andtranslating are in a form of Boolean equations.
 16. The method of claim15, wherein if conditions of a rule are true, then a predeterminedoperation is effected.
 17. A demand response management systemcomprising: one or more demand response (DR) events from a utilityand/or independent service operator to a computer having an input; acustomizer for modifying a schedule of the one or more DR events toconform as needed to a schedule of a client and/or for modifyinginformation about the one or more DR events; a translator fortranslating information about the one or more DR events into aclient-specified level in one or more DR signals; and an output of thecomputer for providing the one or more DR signals incorporating theschedule of the one or more DR events as modified, information about theone or more DR events as modified, and/or information as translated forthe client.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the modifying a scheduleof the one or more DR events is according to participation rules of theclient.
 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the modifying informationabout the one or more DR events is according to bids, prices, usage,demand, and so forth.
 20. The system of claim 17, wherein thetranslating the information about the DR events is according topreferences and translation rules of the client.